Números Ordinais - Ordinal Numbers
Os Ordinal Numbers indicam a ordem ou lugar do ser numa determinada série. À exceção de first(primeiro), second (segundo), third (terceiro) e os números que os contém em sua grafia, os números ordinais são formados com a adição do sufixo -th.
A abreviação dos Ordinal Numbers é feita acrescentando-se ao número as duas últimas letras de sua forma extensa. Por exemplo:
abreviação
|
/por extenso
|
abreviação
|
/por extenso
|
|---|---|---|---|
1st -
| first |
30th -
|
thirtieth
|
2nd -
| second |
50th -
|
fiftieth
|
3rd -
| third |
62nd -
|
sixty-second
|
4th -
| fourth |
73rd -
|
seventy-third
|
5th -
| fifth |
85th -
|
eighty-fifth
|
9th -
| ninth |
99th -
|
ninety-ninth
|
12th -
| twelfth |
133th -
|
(one/a) hundred and thirty-third
|
21st -
| twenty-first |
518th -
|
five hundred and eighteenth
|
Na grafia da abreviação, as duas últimas letras podem ser elevadas:
1º - FIRST - 1st
2º - SECOND = 2nd
3º - THIRD = 3rd
4º - FOURTH = 4th
2º - SECOND = 2nd
3º - THIRD = 3rd
4º - FOURTH = 4th
Quando lemos ou escrevemos por extenso os números ordinais em português, tanto na dezena quanto na centena e no milhar, todos os algarismos vão para a forma ordinal. No inglês, no entanto, apenas o último algarismo vai para a forma ordinal:
21º - vigésimo primeiro = 21st - twenty-first
72º - septuagésimo segundo = 72nd - seventy-second
167º - centésimo sexagésimo sétimo = 167th - one hundred and sixty-seventh
72º - septuagésimo segundo = 72nd - seventy-second
167º - centésimo sexagésimo sétimo = 167th - one hundred and sixty-seventh
Repare que, nos números ordinais acima de 100, o uso da conjunção and segue as mesmas regras dos cardinais:
205th – two hundred and fifth
440th – four hundred and fortieth
440th – four hundred and fortieth
Números Ordinais em datas - Ordinal Numbers in dates:
Uma mesma data pode ser expressa de diversas maneiras. Por exemplo, a data 13 de maio pode ser escrita das seguintes formas: May 13 / May 13th / 13 May / 13th May.
Action films usually include high energy, big-budget physical stunts and chases, possibly with rescues, battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often two-dimensional 'good-guy' heroes (or recently, heroines) battling 'bad guys' - all designed for pure audience escapism. Includes the James Bond 'fantasy' spy/espionage series, martial arts films, so-called 'blaxploitation' films, and some superhero films. 
Adventure films are usually exciting stories, with new experiences or exotic locales, very similar to or often paired with the action film genre. They can include traditional swashbucklers, serialized films, and historical spectacles (similar to the epics film genre), searches or expeditions for lost continents, "jungle" and "desert" epics, treasure hunts, disaster films, or searches for the unknown.
Comedies are light-hearted plots consistently and deliberately designed to amuse and provoke laughter (with one-liners, jokes, etc.) by exaggerating the situation, the language, action, relationships and characters. This section describes various forms of comedy through cinematic history, including slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy (dark satirical comedy), and more. 
Crime (gangster) films are developed around the sinister actions of criminals or mobsters, particularly bankrobbers, underworld figures, or ruthless hoodlums who operate outside the law, stealing and murdering their way through life. Criminal and gangster films are often categorized as film noir or detective-mystery films - because of underlying similarities between these cinematic forms. This category includes a description of various 'serial killer' films.
Dramas are serious, plot-driven presentations, portraying realistic characters, settings, life situations, and stories involving intense character development and interaction. Usually, they are not focused on special-effects, comedy, or action, Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre, with many subsets. Dramatic biographical films (or biopics) are a major sub-genre, as are 'adult' films (with mature subject content).
Epics include costume dramas, historical dramas, war films, medieval romps, or 'period pictures' that often cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop. Epics often share elements of the elaborate adventure films genre. Epics take an historical or imagined event, mythic, legendary, or heroic figure, and add an extravagant setting and lavish costumes, accompanied by grandeur and spectacle, dramatic scope, high production values, and a sweeping musical score. Epics are often a more spectacular, lavish version of a biopic film. Some 'sword and sandal' films (Biblical epics or films occuring during antiquity) qualify as a sub-genre.
Horror films are designed to frighten and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience. Horror films feature a wide range of styles, from the earliest silent Nosferatu classic, to today's CGI monsters and deranged humans. They are often combined with science fiction when the menace or monster is related to a corruption of technology, or when Earth is threatened by aliens. The fantasy and supernatural film genres are not usually synonymous with the horror genre. There are many sub-genres of horror: slasher, teen terror, serial killers, zombies, Satanic, Dracula, Frankenstein, etc. 
Musical/dance films are cinematic forms that emphasize full-scale scores or song and dance routines in a significant way (usually with a musical or dance performance integrated as part of the film narrative), or they are films that are centered on combinations of music, dance, song or choreography. Major subgenres include the musical comedy or the concert film. 
Sci-fi films are often quasi-scientific, visionary and imaginative - complete with heroes, aliens, distant planets, impossible quests, improbable settings, fantastic places, great dark and shadowy villains, futuristic technology, unknown and unknowable forces, and extraordinary monsters ('things or creatures from space'), either created by mad scientists or by nuclear havoc. They are sometimes an offshoot of fantasy films (or superhero films), or they share some similarities with action/adventure films. Science fiction often expresses the potential of technology to destroy humankind and easily overlaps with horror films, particularly when technology or alien life forms become malevolent, as in the "Atomic Age" of sci-fi films in the 1950s.
War (and anti-war) films acknowledge the horror and heartbreak of war, letting the actual combat fighting (against nations or humankind) on land, sea, or in the air provide the primary plot or background for the action of the film. War films are often paired with other genres, such as action, adventure, drama, romance, comedy (black), suspense, and even epics and westerns, and they often take a denunciatory approach toward warfare. They may include POW tales, stories of military operations, and training. 
Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry - a eulogy to the early days of the expansive American frontier. They are one of the oldest, most enduring genres with very recognizable plots, elements, and characters (six-guns, horses, dusty towns and trails, cowboys, Indians, etc.). Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed.
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